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&lt;H2&gt;&lt;A NAME=&quot;s12&quot;&gt;12. How to make other programs work with non-ASCII chars&lt;/A&gt;&lt;/H2&gt;

&lt;P&gt;
&lt;!--
non-ASCII characters, using
--&gt;
&lt;P&gt;In the bad old days this used to be quite a hassle. Every separate
program had to be convinced individually to leave your bits alone.
Not that all is easy now, but recently a lot of gnu utilities have
learned to react to &lt;CODE&gt;LC_CTYPE=iso_8859_1&lt;/CODE&gt; or &lt;CODE&gt;LC_CTYPE=iso-8859-1&lt;/CODE&gt;.
Try this first, and if it doesn&#039;t help look at the hints below.
Note that in recent versions of libc the routine setlocale() only
works if you have installed the locale files (e.g. in
&lt;CODE&gt;/usr/lib/locale&lt;/CODE&gt;).
&lt;P&gt;NOTE! The above was written years ago. Today locale stuff is a bit different.
Try the command &lt;CODE&gt;locale -a&lt;/CODE&gt; to see which locales are available.
Then use one of these locale names instead of the &lt;CODE&gt;iso_8859-1&lt;/CODE&gt;
mentioned above. For example, &lt;CODE&gt;LC_CTYPE=fr_FR.ISO-8859-1&lt;/CODE&gt; or
&lt;CODE&gt;LC_CTYPE=fr_FR@euro&lt;/CODE&gt;.
&lt;P&gt;NOTE! Some of the below may still be true. Most of it is outdated.
(Please report on what is incorrect today, so that it can be deleted.)
&lt;P&gt;First of all, the 8-th bit should survive the kernel input processing,
so make sure to have &lt;CODE&gt;stty cs8 -istrip -parenb&lt;/CODE&gt; set.
&lt;P&gt;A. For &lt;CODE&gt;emacs&lt;/CODE&gt; the details strongly depend on the version.
The information below is for version 19.34. Put lines
&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;CODE&gt;
&lt;PRE&gt;
        (set-input-mode nil nil 1)
        (standard-display-european t)
        (require &#039;iso-syntax)
&lt;/PRE&gt;
&lt;/CODE&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;

into your &lt;CODE&gt;$HOME/.emacs&lt;/CODE&gt;.
The first line (to be precise: the final 1)
tells &lt;CODE&gt;emacs&lt;/CODE&gt; not to discard the 8-th bit from input characters.
The second line tells &lt;CODE&gt;emacs&lt;/CODE&gt; not to display non-ASCII characters
as octal escapes.
The third line specifies the syntactic properties
and case conversion table for the Latin-1 character set
These last two lines are superfluous if you have something like
&lt;CODE&gt;LC_CTYPE=ISO-8859-1&lt;/CODE&gt; in your environment.
(The variable may also be &lt;CODE&gt;LC_ALL&lt;/CODE&gt; or even &lt;CODE&gt;LANG&lt;/CODE&gt;.
The value may be anything with a substring `88591&#039; or `8859-1&#039;
or `8859_1&#039;.)
&lt;P&gt;This is a good start.
On a terminal that cannot display non-ASCII ISO 8859-1 symbols,
the command
&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;CODE&gt;
&lt;PRE&gt;
        (load-library &quot;iso-ascii&quot;)
&lt;/PRE&gt;
&lt;/CODE&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;

will cause accented characters to be displayed comme {,c}a.
If your keymap does not make it easy to produce non-ASCII characters, 
then
&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;CODE&gt;
&lt;PRE&gt;
        (load-library &quot;iso-transl&quot;)
&lt;/PRE&gt;
&lt;/CODE&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;

will make the 2-character sequence Ctrl-X 8 a compose character,
so that the 4-character sequence Ctrl-X 8 , c produces c-cedilla.
Very inconvenient.
&lt;P&gt;The command
&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;CODE&gt;
&lt;PRE&gt;
        (iso-accents-mode)
&lt;/PRE&gt;
&lt;/CODE&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;

will toggle ISO-8859-1 accent mode, in which the six
characters &#039;, `, &quot;, ^, ~, / are dead keys
modifying the following symbol.
Special combinations: ~c gives a c with cedilla,
~d gives an Icelandic eth, ~t gives an Icelandic thorn,
&quot;s gives German sharp s, /a gives a with ring,
/e gives an a-e ligature, ~&amp;lt; and ~&amp;gt; give guillemots,
~! gives an inverted exclamation mark,
~? gives an inverted question mark, and &#039;&#039; gives an acute accent.
This is the default mapping of accents.
The variable &lt;CODE&gt;iso-languages&lt;/CODE&gt; is a list of pairs (language name,
accent mapping), and a non-default mapping can be selected using
&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;CODE&gt;
&lt;PRE&gt;
        (iso-accents-customize LANGUAGE)
&lt;/PRE&gt;
&lt;/CODE&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;

Here LANGUAGE can be one of &lt;CODE&gt;&quot;portuguese&quot;&lt;/CODE&gt;, &lt;CODE&gt;&quot;irish&quot;&lt;/CODE&gt;,
&lt;CODE&gt;&quot;french&quot;&lt;/CODE&gt;, &lt;CODE&gt;&quot;latin-2&quot;&lt;/CODE&gt;, &lt;CODE&gt;&quot;latin-1&quot;&lt;/CODE&gt;.
&lt;P&gt;Since the Linux default compose character is Ctrl-.
it might be convenient to use that everywhere. Try
&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;CODE&gt;
&lt;PRE&gt;
        (load-library &quot;iso-insert.el&quot;)
        (define-key global-map [?\C-.] 8859-1-map)
&lt;/PRE&gt;
&lt;/CODE&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;

The latter line will not work under &lt;CODE&gt;xterm&lt;/CODE&gt;, if you use &lt;CODE&gt;emacs -nw&lt;/CODE&gt;,
but in that case you can put
&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;CODE&gt;
&lt;PRE&gt;
        XTerm*VT100.Translations:       #override\n\
              Ctrl &amp;lt;KeyPress&gt; . : string(&quot;\0308&quot;)
&lt;/PRE&gt;
&lt;/CODE&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;

in your &lt;CODE&gt;.Xresources&lt;/CODE&gt;.)
&lt;P&gt;B. For &lt;CODE&gt;less&lt;/CODE&gt;, put &lt;CODE&gt;LESSCHARSET=latin1&lt;/CODE&gt; in the environment.
This is also what you need if you see &lt;CODE&gt;\255&lt;/CODE&gt; or &lt;CODE&gt;&amp;lt;AD&amp;gt;&lt;/CODE&gt;
in &lt;CODE&gt;man&lt;/CODE&gt; output: some versions of &lt;CODE&gt;less&lt;/CODE&gt; will render the soft hyphen
(octal 0255, hex 0xAD) this way when not given permission to output Latin-1.
&lt;P&gt;C. For &lt;CODE&gt;ls&lt;/CODE&gt;, give the option &lt;CODE&gt;-N&lt;/CODE&gt;. (Probably you want to make an alias.)
&lt;P&gt;D. For &lt;CODE&gt;bash&lt;/CODE&gt; (version 1.13.*), put
&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;CODE&gt;
&lt;PRE&gt;
        set meta-flag on
        set convert-meta off
        set output-meta on
&lt;/PRE&gt;
&lt;/CODE&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;

into your &lt;CODE&gt;$HOME/.inputrc&lt;/CODE&gt;.
&lt;P&gt;E. For &lt;CODE&gt;tcsh&lt;/CODE&gt;, use
&lt;BLOCKQUOTE&gt;&lt;CODE&gt;
&lt;PRE&gt;
        setenv LANG     en_US
        setenv LC_CTYPE iso_8859_1
&lt;/PRE&gt;
&lt;/CODE&gt;&lt;/BLOCKQUOTE&gt;

If you have nls on your system, then the corresponding routines are used.
Otherwise &lt;CODE&gt;tcsh&lt;/CODE&gt; will assume iso_8859_1, regardless of the values given to
LANG and LC_CTYPE. See the section NATIVE LANGUAGE SYSTEM in tcsh(1).
(The Danish HOWTO says: &lt;CODE&gt;setenv LC_CTYPE ISO-8859-1; stty pass8&lt;/CODE&gt;)
&lt;P&gt;F. For &lt;CODE&gt;flex&lt;/CODE&gt;, give the option &lt;CODE&gt;-8&lt;/CODE&gt; if the parser it generates must be
able to handle 8-bit input. (Of course it must.)
&lt;P&gt;G. For &lt;CODE&gt;elm&lt;/CODE&gt;, set &lt;CODE&gt;displaycharset&lt;/CODE&gt; to &lt;CODE&gt;ISO-8859-1&lt;/CODE&gt;.
(Danish HOWTO: &lt;CODE&gt;LANG=C&lt;/CODE&gt; and &lt;CODE&gt;LC_CTYPE=ISO-8859-1&lt;/CODE&gt;)
&lt;P&gt;H. For programs using curses (such as &lt;CODE&gt;lynx&lt;/CODE&gt;) David Sibley reports:
The regular curses package uses the high-order bit for reverse video mode
(see flag _STANDOUT defined in &lt;CODE&gt;/usr/include/curses.h&lt;/CODE&gt;).  However,
&lt;CODE&gt;ncurses&lt;/CODE&gt; seems to be 8-bit clean and does display iso-latin-8859-1
correctly.
&lt;P&gt;I. For programs using &lt;CODE&gt;groff&lt;/CODE&gt; (such as &lt;CODE&gt;man&lt;/CODE&gt;), make sure to use
&lt;CODE&gt;-Tlatin1&lt;/CODE&gt; instead of &lt;CODE&gt;-Tascii&lt;/CODE&gt;. Old versions of the program &lt;CODE&gt;man&lt;/CODE&gt;
also use &lt;CODE&gt;col&lt;/CODE&gt;, and the next point also applies.
&lt;P&gt;K. For &lt;CODE&gt;rlogin&lt;/CODE&gt;, use option &lt;CODE&gt;-8&lt;/CODE&gt;.
&lt;P&gt;L. For &lt;CODE&gt;joe&lt;/CODE&gt;,
&lt;CODE&gt;metalab.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/apps/editors/joe-1.0.8-linux.tar.gz&lt;/CODE&gt;
is said to work after editing the configuration file. Someone else said:
&lt;CODE&gt;joe&lt;/CODE&gt;: Put the &lt;CODE&gt;-asis&lt;/CODE&gt; option in &lt;CODE&gt;/isr/lib/joerc&lt;/CODE&gt; in the
first column.
&lt;P&gt;M. For LaTeX: &lt;CODE&gt;\documentstyle[isolatin]{article}&lt;/CODE&gt;.
For LaTeX2e: &lt;CODE&gt;\documentclass{article}\usepackage{isolatin}&lt;/CODE&gt;
where &lt;CODE&gt;isolatin.sty&lt;/CODE&gt; is available from
&lt;A HREF=&quot;ftp://ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/pub/8bit&quot;&gt;ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/pub/8bit&lt;/A&gt;.
&lt;P&gt;A nice discussion on the topic of ISO-8859-1 and how to manage 8-bit
characters is contained in the file &lt;CODE&gt;grasp.insa-lyon.fr:/pub/faq/fr/accents&lt;/CODE&gt;
(in French). Another fine discussion (in English) can be found in
&lt;A HREF=&quot;ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-group/comp.answers/internationalization/iso-8859-1-charset&quot;&gt;rtfm.mit.edu:pub/usenet-by-group/comp.answers/internationalization/iso-8859-1-charset&lt;/A&gt;.
&lt;P&gt;If you need to fix a program that behaves badly with 8-bit characters,
one thing to keep in mind is that if you have a signed char type then
characters may be negative, and using them as an array index will fail.
Several programs can be fixed by judiciously adding (unsigned char) casts.
&lt;P&gt;
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